ABSTRACT

This study traces the evolution of Türkiye’s housing policies by taking a historical-institutional approach, with a particular focus on the regulatory changes and policy practices introduced after 2000. Although legislation on self-build assistance, migration-driven shelter, and social housing schemes was introduced during the early Republican period, these measures proved inadequate for the wider population. Economic constraints, weak institutional capacity, and a development agenda centered on industrialization prevented the emergence of a comprehensive, sustainable, and inclusive housing strategy. The 1950s’ rapid urbanization and internal migration further exposed the country’s housing deficit, prompting additional legal and structural adjustments.

This article examines the legal and institutional transformation of Türkiye’s housing policy from the Justice and Development Party’s rise to power in 2002 to the present day, highlighting significant shortcomings. During this period, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change; Housing Development Administration of Türkiye; and metropolitan municipalities played a significant role in expanding the social housing agenda. However, city plans often failed to align with local needs and the social fabric of communities. The “zoning amnesty” legalized informal construction, and uncontrolled urban sprawl exacerbated chronic planning issues.

The findings show that recent reforms have yielded mixed outcomes. On the one hand, these reforms have increased the supply of formal housing and expanded access for some low- and middle-income groups. On the other hand, they have blurred the line between public interest and market logic. Ultimately, Turkish housing policy has shifted from being a social welfare instrument to being a vehicle for capital accumulation, redefining housing as a means of achieving economic growth and political legitimacy rather than a basic right.